o 


E 

125 
D3 


BANCROFT 
LIBRARY 

•o 

THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


1 .  Submarine  Valleys  on  the  Pacific  Coast 

of  the  United  States. 

2.  Standard  Geodetic  Data 

3.  Early    Spanish    Voyages    of  Discovery 

on  the  Coast  of  California. 


BY  Prof.  CEO.,  DAVIDSON,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D. 


Extract  from  Bulletin  6,  California  Academy  of  Sciences. 


Tf-ffI  .F/f'CFOFT 
I  o  o  C  q  4- 


"t 

SUBMARINE    VALLEYS    ON    THE    PACIFIC    COAST.       265 


SUBMARINE    VALLEYS    ON    THE    PACIFIC    COAST    OF    THE 
UNITED    STATE3, 

BY   GEORGE   DAVIDSON. 
Read  at  the  Meeting  of  October  4th,  1886. 
(This  p  per  was  illustrated  witlw  diagrams.) 

The  plateau  of  the  Pa  ific  Ocean  reaches  a  depth  of  2,000 
to  2,400  fathoms  within  as  little  as  forty  or  fifty  miles  of  the 
Coast  to  the  southward  of  Cape  Mendocino.  The  descent 
to  these  profound  depths  is  not  uniform,  however,  except 
off  the  high  range  of  the  Santa  Lucia.  Generally  there  is  a 
marginal  plateau  of  ten  miles  out  to  the  hundred  fathom 
curve,  and  then  the  descent  is  sharp  to  five  or  six  hundred 
fathoms.  Off  the  level  and  shallDw  plateau  of  the  Gulf  of 
the  Faralloues,  the  descent  is  rapid  within  five  miles  of  the 
South  East  Farallones,  and  reaches  2,000  fathoms  in  fifty 
miles.  The  determination  of  these  great  depths  we  owe  to 
the  deep  sea  soundings  of  Commodore  Balknap,  of  which 
a  full  discussion  was  presented  by  me  to  the  Academy  in 
1873-4. 

Into  this  marginal  plateau  of  one  hundred  fathoms  there 
have  been  developed,  in  the  course  of  the  operations  of  the 
United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  several  remarka 
ble  submarine  valleys.  Notably  that  in  Monterev  Bay, 
heading  to  the  low  lands  at  the  great  bend  of  the  Salinas 
River;  and  that  off  Point  Hueneme  at  the  eastern  entrance  to 
the  Santa  Barbara  Channel,  also  heading  into  the  low  coast 
at  the  wide  opening  of  the  Santa  Clara  Valley.  Then  there 
are  one  or  two  near  the  mouth  of  the  Laguna  Mugu,  two  or 
three  oft'  the  southern  point  of  Carmel  Bay,  while  the  deep 
est  one  enters  far  into  the  Bay.  These  all  have  remarkable 
characteristics  which  I  have  heretofore  brought  to  the  no 
tice  of  the  Academy. 

21— BULL.  CAL.  ACAD.  Sci.    II.    6.  Issued  January  11,  1887. 


266  CALIFORNIA    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Submarine  Valley  1.  The  latest  developments  of  sub 
marine  valleys  are  near  the  high,  bold  coast  under  Cape 
Mendocino.  A  submarine  ridge  runs  southward  from 
Point  Delgada  at  Shelter  Cove,  in  latitude  40°  01',  for  ten 
miles  or  more.  Bat  the  depth  of  the  marginal  plateau  at 
100  fathoms  is  about  six  or  seven  miles  from  the  shore. 
Just  north  of  this  bank,  off  Shelter  Cove,  there  has  been 
developed  a  deep  submarine  valley  where  it  breaks  through 
the  marginal  plateau  and  runs  sharply  into  the  immmediate 
coast-line  under  the  culminating  point  of  the  crest-line  of 
mountains.  The  head  of  this  submarine  valley  is  100  fath 
oms  deep  at  one  and  a  quarter  miles  from  the  shore,  and 
the  depth  of  25  fathoms  almost  reaches  to  the  rocks  under 
the  cliifs.  The  mountain  peak  toward  which  it  points  is 
4,236  feet  above  the  sea  and  only  two  and  a  half  miles  in 
side  the  shore  line.  The  100  fathom  line  lies  six  miles  off 
Point  Delgada,  but  where  the  valley  breaks  through  the 
marginal  plateau  the  depth  reaches  400  fathoms.  The  slopes 
of  the  sides  of  this  valley  are  very  steep. 

Submarine  Valley  II.  Hence  northwestward  to  Point 
Gorda  the  100  fathom  line  of  soundings  continues  nearly 
parallel  with  the  coast  line  except  about  midway,  where  a 
minor  submarine  valley  300  to  150  fathoms  deep  stretches 
sharply  toward  the  shore,  and  within  two  and  a  half  miles 
thereof.  The  head  lies  two  and  a  half  miles  south  by  east 
from  Spanish  Flat,  under  the  mount  tins.  But  immediately 
north  of  the  point,  there  is  a  very  deep  submarine  valley 
which  come^  in  from  the  westsouthwest.  and  heads  close  un 
der  the  shore  three  miles  north  of  Point  Gorda,  and  there 
fore  less  than  a  mile  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  Mattole 
Kiver. 

The  head  of  this  great  submarine  valley,  at  the  30  fathom 
line,  is  only  one-third  of  a  mile  from  the  shore  in  latitude 
40°  18J'.  The  depth  of  100  fathoms  in  the  valley  is  only 
one  and  a  half  miles  from  shore,  and  the  sides  of  the  valley 


SUBMARINE    VALLEYS    ON    THE    PACIFIC    COAST.       267 

are  remarkably  steep.  The  100  fathom  curve  of  the  valley 
comes  close  between  the  general  30  fathom  curve  on  the 
north  and  south,  where  they  are  one-third  of  a  mile  apart. 

The  opening  of  this  valley  through  the  edge  of  the  100 
fathom  plateau  is  520  fathoms  deep,  and  is  only  six  miles  S. 
62°  W.  from  Point  Gorda.  The  barrier  of  coast  line  at  the 
head  of  this  valley  is  over  2,000  feet  high. 

Submarine  Valley  III.  Between  Point  Gorda  and  Cape 
Mendocino  there  is  a  second  submarine  valley,  a  little 
nearer  to  the  cape.  It  comes  in  from  the  westward,  but 
does  not  indent  the  20  fathom  line  along  the  shore,  but  the 
depth  of  100  fathoms  in  the  valley  is  only  one-third  of  a 
mile  outside  the  regular  25  fathom  coast  line,  and  lies  five 
miles  S.  by  E.  from  Cape  Mendocino  light  house. 

The  450  fathom  sounding  in  the  entrance  to  the  valley  is 
only  six  and  a  half  miles  SW.  by  S.  from  the  cape,  and  this 
valley  is  comparatively  wide.  Its  north  side  is  formed  by  a 
30  fathom  submarine  plateau  extending  five  miles  from  the 
cape.  This  valley  heads  under  the  great  mountain  mass, 
rising  behind  Cape  Mendocino  and  reaching  3,400  feet  ele 
vation. 

The  bottom  of  the  valley  is  green  mud,  and  yet  in  two 
places,  at  depths  of  320  fathoms,  broken  shells  were  brought 
up  witli  gravel.  Both  slopes  of  the  valley  are  green  mud 
up  to  about  30  or  35  fathoms,  when  the  bottom  changes  to 
fine  gray  sand. 

Between  the  two  submarine  valleys  of  Point  Gorda  (II.) 
and  Cape  Mendocino  (III.),  the  submarine  ridge  carries  50 
fathoms  out  for  four  and  a  quarter  miles  from  shore;  the 
bottom  is  green  mud  outside  of  35  to  40  fathoms,  with  fine 
gray  sand  inside. 

Northward  of  the  Cape  Meudocino  submarine  valley,  the 
irregular  bottom  off  Cape  Mendocino,  marked  by  Blunt's 
reef,  stretches  well  to  the  westward  of  the  usual  coast 


268  CALIFORNIA    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

depths,  and  is  thence  spread  oat  towards  Him  bold  t  Bay  as 
a  broad  and  comparatively  shallow  plateau. 

T\vo  problems  aro  at  once  suggested  by  these  submarine 
valleys.  One  is  eminently  practical.  Steam  coasting  ves 
sels  bound  for  Humboldt  Bay,  when  they  get  as  far  north 
as  Shelter  Cove  in  very  thick  fog.-;,  haul  into  the  shore  to 
find  soundings,  and  then  continue  parallel  with  the  shore. 
One  vessel  has  been  lost  by  failing  to  find  bottom  until  close 
upon  the  rocky  coast.  This  steamer  doubtless  sounded  up 
the  axis  of  the  deep  submarine  valley  off  King  Peak,  and 
could  find  no  bottom.  Had  the  existence  of  this  valley 
been  known,  the  vessel  would  have  proceeded  in  a  more 
guarded  manner. 

The  second  bearing  which  these  great  submarine  valleys 
have,  is  upon  the  deep  sea  fauna  which  must  be  brought 
close  under  the  shores,  the  more  especially  as  they  bring  in 
the  colder  waters  coming  down  the  coast  outside  of  the  in 
fluence  of  the  close  inshore  eddy  current  to  the  northward. 


STANDARD    GEODETIC    DATA.  319 


STANDARD  GEODETIC  DATA. 

COMMUNICATED  BY  AUTHORITY  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
COAST  AND  GEODETIC  SURVEY. 

BY  PROF.  GEORGE  DAVIDSON. 
Read  October  18,  1886. 

In  the  development  of  the  main  triangulation  of  the  Pa 
cific  Coast,  it  was  early  discovered  that  large  and  irregular 
deflections  of  the  plumb-line  existed  at  the  triangulation 
stations,  whether  they  were  situated  on  the  mountains  or  in 
the  plains. 

When  the  main  triangulation  was  undertaken  it  embraced 
lines  of  unusual  length,  and  one  part  of  the  scheme  was  the 
projection  of  a  network  across  the  continent  along  the  39th 
parallel. 

In  order  to  collect  standard  geodetic  data  for  the  compu 
tation  of  the  geographical  positions  on  this  coast,  Assistant 
Davidson  planned  at  the  outset  to  have  the  latitude  observ 
ed  at  each  triangulation  point;  and  he  also  observed  the  az 
imuth  of  some  one  line  in  the  series  of  directions  which  were 
observed  from  the  same  station. 

This  scheme  of  triangulation  commenced  from  an  accurate 
ly-measured  base-line  of  nearly  eleven  miles  in  length  sit 
uate  in  the  plains  of  Yolo  county,  California.  From  this 
line  it  was  carried  by  quadrilaterals  to  the  Coast  Range  of 
mountains,  as  far  west  as  Mount  Tamalpais;  and  from  the 
line  Mount  Helena — Mount  Diablo  it  stretched  across  the 
great  valley  of  California  to  the  line  Mount  Lola — Bound 
Top.  This  scheme  of  triangulation  was  named  by  the  Su 
perintendent  of  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Sur 
vey  the  "Davidson  Quadrilaterals."  The  observations  at 
all  the  stations  have  been  shown  to  be  remarkably  satisfac 
tory,  and  the  discussion  has  been  rigorously  carried  out  in 

21 — BULL.  CAL.  ACAD.  Sci.    II.    6.  Issued  January  11,  1887. 


320  CALIFORNIA    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

the  computing  division  of  the  Survey,  under  the  direction 
of  Assistant  Schott.  From  the  means  already  at  hand,  the 
following  summary  of  results  is  made  known,  wherein  it  is 
seen  that  the  accepted  standard  station  for  latitude  is  Mount 
Helena,  and  the  standard  line  for  azimuth  is  Mount 
Helena — Mount  Diablo.  The  tabulation  exhibits  the  ob 
served  and  computed  latitudes  and  azimuths,  the  probable 
error  of  each  determination,  and  the  deflection  of  the  plumb- 
line  from  the  means. 

Including  the  stations  Mount  Lola  and  Round  Top, 
which  are  the  easternmost  points  of  the  "  Davidson  Quadri 
laterals,"  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  we  have  nine  stations,  at 
each  of  which  the  latitude  and  azimuth  were  determined  as 
tronomically;  and  we  shall  take  the  mean  results  derived 
from  all  these  observations  for  the  formation  of  the  stand 
ard  values  (fQ  and  «0. 

The  direct  results  of  the  astronomical  observations  for 
latitude  require  two  corrections :  one,  the  reduction  to  the 
station  point  A;  the  other,  the  correction  for  curvature  of 
the  vertical  or  reduction  to  the  sea  level.  The  lieights  re 
quired  for  the  latter  purpose  are  given  in  Appendix  No.  10, 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  Report  for  1884,  (Mount  Lola 
being  2,796.4  metres,  or  9,175 feet;  and  Round  Top  3,173.5 
metres,  or  10,412  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.) 

For  the  expression  of  the  curvature  between  the  sea-lev 
el  and  the  altitude  of  the  station,  we  have  (see  Clarke's- 

Geodesy,  pp.  101-102),  8  y=  —rBinl"  (t  m~ e')sin  2?-  Put- 
ting  |  m— e'=0.0052  l,  and  log.  (r  sin  1")=  1.490,  then  for  h, 
the  height  in  metres,  and  /V  the  correction  in  seconds  of 
arc  we  have  for  the  latitude  <f> 

'V=  —  0.000167Asin2?;  or  [n6.212]A, 

for  the  average  latitude  39°;  the  number  within  brackets 
being  a  logarithm. 

1.— G.  Zaehariae,  in  his  Principal  Geodetic  Points  (German  transla 
tion  by  Dr.  Larape,  Berlin,  1878),  prefers  the  value  0.00513. 


STANDARD    GEODETIC    DATA. 


321 


GEODE1IC    OR    STANDARD    LATITUDE   ^0    OF    MOUNT   HELENA, 
FOR  THE  "DAVIDSON  QUADRILATERALS." 


tz! 

c 

Astronomical 

Year 

Observed 

33 

Mo 

Eed'n  Re  d'n 

ii* 

Adopted 

of 

Astron'mic'l 

il 

to 

to 
Se\ 

~  -  — 

s  5  ±. 

»  Q,  — 

Geodetic 
Latitude. 

A-G 

': 

Station. 

Obn. 

Latitude. 

»-3     O^ 

5T 

A 

Level. 

4»  £ 

t^ 

(G). 

1 

S.  E.  Yolo  Base. 

18C0 

38  31  34.52 

±0.06 

—0.45 

—0.00 

34.07 

38  31  35.41 

—  1.34 

2 

N.W.YoloBase. 

188038  4'»  37.34 

0.07 

—0.13 

—0.01 

37.20 

:i8  40  38.03 

—  c.83 

3 

Mouticello  

188038  3946.51 

0.09 

—0.31 

-0.15 

40.05 

38  39  43.8.- 

+2.20 

4 

Vaca   Mt.. 

1880  3  i  22  23.  3^ 

OO'i 

+0  37 

—0.12 

23.63 

38  22  27.02 

—3  39 

fl 

Mt.  Diablo.   .  .  . 

1«76  37  52  49.59 

0.06 

I    w    **  ' 

0.00 

-0.19 

49.40 

37  52  48.70 

+0>0 

6 

Mt.    Tamalpais. 

1882  37  55  19.04 

0.08 

—0.04 

—0.13 

1887 

37  55  20.69 

—1.82 

7 

Mt.  Helena  

1876  38  40  01.02 

0.06 

+0.47 

—0.22 

01.27 

38  40  04  26 

—2.99 

8 

Mt.  Lola  

187939  25  57.98 

0.06 

—  0  22 

—0.46 

57.30 

39  2o  53  34 

+3.96 

9 

Round   Top.  ..  . 

1879 

38  39  46  89 

0.08 

+001 

—  0  52 

46.38 

38  39  43.64 

4-2.74 

Mean  .  .  . 

—0.09 

The  mean  difference,  A  —  G,  is  small,  approximating 
zero,  as  it  should  be.  We  have,  therefore,  retained  and 
adopted  for  the  present  ?0  for  Mount  Helena  38°  40'  04. 26", 
with  a  probable  uncertainty  of  ±  0/'59.  The  average  local 
deflection  in  the  meridian  is  about  2. "2. 

GEODETIC  OR  STANDARD  AZIMUTH  ao  OF  DIRECTION  MT.  HELENA 
TO  MT.  DIABLO,  FOR  THE  "DAVIDSON   QUADRILATERALS." 


Observed  !       ^ 

£  £ 

N3    ^    HH 

Adopted 

No. 

Station 

To  Station 

Astronom 

a3 

£-! 

||i 

Geodetic 

f 

Occupied. 

Observed. 

ical 

8  | 

|  °  s: 

5  8*5' 

Azimuth 

Q 

Azimuth. 

o> 

*     § 

>•      B 

(GO 

0         t         '  > 

,  , 

ff 

,, 

0        f       ff 

,f 

1 

S.  E.  Yolo  Base. 

N.  \V.  Yolo  Base. 

163  07  13.51 

+0.18 

—0.00 

13.51 

1630715.07 

—1.56 

2 

N.  W.Yolo  Base.  S;  E.  Yolo  Base. 

343  05  02.35 

0.16 

—0.00 

02.35; 

343  05  04.03 

—1.68 

3 

Mouticello  !Mt.  Helena  

91  04  25.16 

0/21 

-0.00 

25.16 

91  C4  23  79 

1.37 

4 

Vaca  Mt   S.  E.  Yolo  Base. 

235  38  36.44 

0.28 

,  0.00 

36.44 

235  38  33.47 

^2.97 

5 

Mt.  Diablo  iMt.  Helena  

144  28  16.13 

0.15 

* 

144  28  15.06 

-1.07 

6 

Mt.    Tamalpais.  Mt.   Diablo  

274  15  15.39 

0.14 

—0.01 

15.38 

274  15  15.71 

—0.33 

7 

Mt.  Helena  Mt.   Diablo  

324  01  24.86 

0.19 

* 

324(1131.0* 

—6.18 

8 

Mt.  Lola  Mt.  Helena  

67  21  62.57 

0.17 

—  0.1H 

62.41 

67  21  59.55 

-  2.86 

9 

Round  Tor  Mt.  Helena  

90  58  53.67 

0.13 

—0.16 

53.51 

90  58  53.01 

-0.50 

Mean.   .  . 

-0.11 

322  CALIFORNIA    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

The  mean  difference  is  sufficiently  near  zero  to  retain 
the  old  value,  and  we  adopt  for  the  present  «0  Mount  He 
lena  to  Mount  Diablo: 

324°  Or  31."01  ±00."64. 

This  value  will  slightly  change  after  the  Mount  Lola  and 
Bound  Top  observations  shall  have  been  finally  adjusted. 
The  average  local  difference  in  azimuth  is  about  2/'l. 

At  the  stations  Mount  Diablo  and  Mount  Helena  the  as 
tronomical  azimuths  were  referred  to  a  mark  and  not  to  a 
triangulation  point,  and  the  same  is  the  case  at  Mount  Lola 
and  at  Bound  Top. 

The  references  to  the  stations  marked  by  an  asterisk  [*] 
in  the  preceding  table  would  therefore  be  arbitrary  since 
the  results  must  depend  on  the  adjustment  of  the  directions 
of  the  figure;  but  by  applying  a  correction  which  is  the 
mean  of  all  the  corrections  to  the  lines  at  the  stations,  the 
reference  of  the  astronomical  meridian  to  the  geometrical 
figure  of  the  triangulation  is  effected  with  respect  to  all  di 
rections;  thus  for  the  two  stations  in  question:  / 

At  Mount  Diablo: — 

Observed  azimuth  of  the  reference  mark  (Clay ton) = 
9°  42'  25. "92  West  of  North;   hence,  astronomical  azimuth 

of  the  mark  =  170°  17'  34."08 

Or  when  reduced  to  the  sea  level=  170   17  34.    07 

At  Mount  Diablo  the  mean  correction  to  the 

six     adjusted     directions     is  -j-  O."023 

(±0."11);   this  added  to  the  observed 

geodetic     direction     of      the     azimuth 

(25C49'17."194)  gives-  25  49  17.    217 

Hence  with  the  corrected  direction  to  Mount 

Helena  (see  below)  =  359  59  59.    273 

The  angle  between  the  mark  and  Mount  He 
lena,  adjusted^  25  49  17.    94 
and   the   astronomical  azimuth    referred  to 

Mount  Helena  becomes  144  28  16.    13 

as  given  in  the  preceding  table. 


STANDARD  GEODETIC  DATA. 


323 


Similarly  at  Mount  Helena: — 
The  Observed  Azimuth  of  the  reference 

mark  (Woods)=  189  18  14.  36 

the  same  reduced  to  the  sea  level  189  18  14.  37 

The  mean  correction  to  four  adjusted  direc 
tions  at  the  station  is  —O."032  (±  O."13) . 

The   angle   between  the    mark   and   Mount 

Diablo  adjusted^  225  16  49.  51 

Whence    the     Astronomical     Azimuth,  re 
ferred  to  Mount  Diablo^  324  01  24.  86 

We  have  also  the  following  table  of  adjusted  directions 
at  these  two  stations: — 


AT  MOUNT  DIABLO. 

AT  MOUNT  HELENA. 

Result   of 

§! 

*   M 

Result  of 

sn. 

CD 

8  ^ 

Direction  to 

Station 

Oi* 

°  3' 

Direction  to 

Station 

a,? 

If 

Adjustment 

g-  £• 

Adjustment 

"c'N 

tn  *"" 

5-TO 

" 

S-TO 

Off, 

/x 

ff 

0                     ft 

ff 

Mt  Helena 

359  £9  59  918 

.645 

59.273 

Mt    Diablo 

Monticello 

20  03  30.611 
20  19  59.481 
25  49  17.194 
38  39  09  129 

—.102 
+.319 

+  .086 

30.509 
59.800 
(17.217) 
09.215 

Mt.  Tamalpais  
Azim.  Mark  (Woods) 

33  43  57.138 
225  16  49.650 
306  46  16.069 
340  03  44  097 

4-  .008 
621 

57.441 

(49.618) 
16.077 
43  476 

Vaca  Mt  
Azim.  Mark  (Clayton) 
North  West  Base... 

Vaca  Mt                

South  East  Bise  

43  24  20  921 

+  .524 

21.445 

Mt.  Tamalpais  

310  12  09.218 

—.047 

09.171 

Mean  =— 

0.032 

Mean  =  + 

0.023 

Tables  of  resulting  adjusted  directions  were  prepared  for 
all  stations,  because  the  respective  mean  corrections  are  to 
be  applied  to  all  other  directions  not  yet  adjusted  before 
they  can  be  submitted  to  the  process  of  the  next  figure  ad 
justment  which  ordinarily  is  of  a  secondary  character. 

For  the  standard  Longitude  of  the  triangulation  about  the 
Yolo  Base  Line,  we  have  to  retain  at  present  the  telegraph 
ic  longitude  of  San  Francisco  station  at  Washington  Square, 
A— 87*  09m  38. 34  sees,  (see  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  Report 
for  1884,  Appendix  No.  11,  p.  424)  and  derive  from  it  for 


324  CALIFORNIA    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 

Mount  Helena  the  value  ;.C=122C  38'  01."  41.  [This  gives 
for  the  present  astronomical  and  telegraphic  longitude  sta 
tion,  Lafayette  Park  in  San  Francisco,  the  longitude  west 
of  Greenwich=8/i  09m  42.72s,  or  122°  25'  40."  75.] 

These  standard  geodetic  data  ?0  «0  ;.0  are  subject  to 
changes  hereafter;  but  generally  they  are  best  retained 
and  the  small  corrections  are  noted,  so  long  as  the  changes 
do  not  exceed  the  respective  probable  errors  of  these  quan 
tities. 


EARLY    CALIFORNIA    LANDFALLS.  325 

EARLY  SPANISH  VOYAGES  OF  DISCOVERY  ON  THE  COAST  OF 

CALIFORNIA, 

PROF.  GEORGE  DAVIDSON,  A.  M.,  PH.  D. 

Read  at  the  meeting  of  the  Academy,  Monday,  October  18,  1886. 

The  following  tabulation  exhibits  in  a  condensed  form 
the  identification  of  the  "landfalls"  of  Cabrillo  and  Fer 
relo,  in  their  explorations  of  the  coast  of  California  in  1542 
and  1543,  from  Cape  San  Lucas  to  latitude  42°  30'. 

During  my  work  on  the  Pacific  Coast  of  the  United 
States  since  the  spring  of  1850,  I  have  been  deeply  inter 
ested  in  the  discoveries  and  explorations  of  the  early  Span 
ish  navigators.  My  special  duties  have  made  me  peculiarly 
well  acquainted  with  the  coast  line,  and  I  have  thought  it 
my  duty  to  establish  the  identity  of  the  landfalls,  which  I 
believe  I  have  clearly  done.  Unfortunately,  the  great 
length  of  the  paper  in  which  I  have  given  the  details  of  the 
narratives  of  Ulloa,  Cabrillo,  Ferrelo,  Drake  and  Vizcaino, 
and  my  explanations,  together  with  a  chart,  precludes  its 
publication  by  the  Academy  at  this  time;  and  it  has  been 
presented,  in  exte)iso,  to  the  Superintendent  of  the  U.  S. 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  for  publication. 

This  tabulation  contains  the  resume'  of  the  identifica 
tion  of  the  ointy  oight  places  which  Cabrillo  and  Ferrelo  par 
ticularly  mention.  In  it  are  shown,  in  parallel  columns, 
the  names  by  which  Ulloa,  Drake  and  Yizcaino  designated 
the  same  localities,  together  with  the  modern  names.  The 
latitudes  of  Cabrillo  and  Ferrelo  were  given  only  to  a  third 
of  a  degree,  with  an  occasional  qualification  of  "a  little 
more,"  or  c<  a  little  less,"  while  the  large  and  nearly  constant 
errors  indicate  very  defective  instruments.  The  present 
latitudes  are  taken  from  the  published  charts  of  the  United 
States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

It  should  be  understood  that  the  whole  of  the  work  em 
braced  in  the  paper  and  in  this  condensed  statement  has  oc 
cupied  much  of  my  unofficial  time  during  the  last  two  years. 


326 


CALIFORNIA    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


THE  LANDFALLS  OF  CABRILLO,    (C),   AND  FERRELO,    (F),    WITH 

AND  THE  PRESENT 


7 
1 


No. 

1 

2 

3 
4 

5 
6 

7 
8 
9 
K 
11 

12 

13 
14 
15 
16 
17 

Dates, 
1542,1543. 

Name  of  place  by  Cabrillo 
and  Ferrelo. 

Latitude  by 
Cabrillo  and 
Ferrelo. 

Names  by  Ulloa,  Drake  or 
Vizcaino. 

Jun.  2!,  1542 
Apr.  14,   1543 

Jun.  2&  1542 
July  2,  1542 

El  Puerto  de  Navidad 
El  Cabo  de  Corrientes 

La  Punta  de  California 

El  Puerto  del  Marques 
del  Valle 

C.F.. 

2oy2°,     o.. 

24°       "and 
more,"     C.  . 

Do 

El  Puerto  de  la  Navi 
dad.  V. 

El  Cabo  de  Corrientes. 
V. 

La    Bahia    de    Santa 
Cruz.  U. 

La  Bahia  de  San  Ben- 
arbe.V. 

La      Bahia     de    San 
Abad.  U.;  La  Bahia 
de  Santa  Marina.V. 

/ 

El  Puerto  de  la  Mag- 
dalena.  V. 
La    liahia    de    Santa 
Marta.V. 

La  Bahia  de  las   Bal- 
lenas.  V 
Abreojos,    V.'s   chart 

La  Isla  de  San  Roque. 
U.V. 

El  Puerto  de  la  Cruz.  . 
El  Puerto  de  San  Lu 
cas  .  .  . 

Do 

July  6,    1542 

July   8,   1542 

>  «      «     <. 
(i      «     « 
"    13,  1542 

CF.. 
25°,   ....F.. 

25°.     C.  F.. 
F.. 

El  Puerto  de  La  Trin 
idad. 

La  Punta  de  la  Trini 
dad  

Una  Isla 

El  Puerto  de  San  Ped 
ro       ... 

25%°,       F.. 
F. 

La  Bahia  de  San  Mar 
tin  

July  19,     " 
<  «    «  i 
"    25      '• 

U        i  ( 

"     __         •  « 

26°,          F... 
27°      C.  F.  . 

Una    Gran  Ensenada 

El  Puerto  de  la  Mag- 
da'eua 

La    Punta    de     Santa 
Catalina  

27  J°,         F.. 
27*°,         F.. 
28°,           F.. 
28°,          F.. 

El  Puerto  de  Santiago 
Habre  Ojo.  

Punta    y    Puerto    de 
Santa   Ana  

Una  Isleta  obra  de  una 
legua  de  Tierra  .... 

EARLY    CALIFORNIA    LANDFALLS. 


327 


THEIR  NAMES  BY  ULLOA,    (U),  DR\KE,   (D),  AND  VIZCAINO,    (V), 
NAMES  AND  LATITUDES. 


No. 

Present  Name  of  the 
Place. 

Latitude, 

0            / 

Correction  to 
C.,  F.  or  D. 

Remarks. 

1 

r 
O 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

12 

13 
14 
15 
16 
17 

Port  Navidad  

19  13 
20  25 

23  23 
23  23 

22  52 
24  20 

24  17 
24  17 
24  32 
24  44 

(sfi  It  is  more  than  prob- 
'  able  that  Cabrillo  assum 
ed  the  latitude  as  given 
by  previous  navigators. 

Cabrillo  did  not  observe  the 
latitude.    "They  say  it  is 
in  latitude  23  Y'  F. 

The  S.  E.   point   of  Santa 
Marga-ita  Islind. 
The  island  is  22  miles  long. 

There  is  no  gulf;    but  the 
lowland    north  of    Cape 
Lazaro   slightly   recedes, 
and  would  mislead  a  nav 
igator  in  a  small   vessel 
in  the  offing. 
Ferrelo    says:     "It    is    40 
leagues  from  the  Bay   of 
San  Martin  to  this  coast.'  ' 

A  dangerous  reef  of  visible 
and  sunken  rocks. 

[Jlloa  saw  the  two  islands, 
Asuncion       and         San 
Roque. 

Cat)e  Corrientes     .... 

-05'Cjrf.... 

—37',      "and 
more'  '  C  .  . 
—37',     "and 
more"   C.. 

Cape  Pulino  

Anchorage  under  Cape 
Pulmo  

San  Lucas  Bay  

Santa  Marina  Bay  

Cape  Tosco  

Santa    Margarita     Is 
land     

—40'         F.. 
—43'   C.  F.. 

-58'         F.. 

Magdalena  Bay  
Santa  Maria  Bay.. 

Pequena      Bay       and 
Point  

26  14 

26  19 
26  45 
26  46 

27  07 
27  09 

—  46'    C.  F.. 

San    Domingo    Point 
and  Anchorage  
Ballenas  Bay  

—45'        F.. 
—44'        F  .  . 
—53'         F... 
—51'        F.. 

Abreojos  Rocks  

Asuncion    Point    and 
Anchorage 

[sland  of  San  Roque.. 

328 


CALIFORNIA    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


THE  LANDFALLS  OF  CABRILLO,    (C),  AND   FERRELO,    (F),  WITH 

AND   THE  PRESENT  NAMES 


No. 

Dates, 
1542,  1543. 

Name  of   place  by 
Cabrillo  and  Ferrelo. 

Latitude  by 
Cabrillo    and 
Ferrelo. 

Names    by    Ulloa,    Drake 
or  Vizcaino. 

18 

19 

20 

21 

£2 

24 
25 

26 
27 

28 
29 

30 
31 
32 

33 
34 

July  27,  1542 

July  31,  1542 
Aug.  1       " 

«    2       " 
Aug.  2,   15  J  2 

((        C             tl 

Mar.  2^,  1543 

Aug   11,  1542 
"     I/  1542 
"    19      " 

"    20      " 
Mar.  21,  1543 
Aug.  —  ,  1542 

Sept.  4,   1512 

"      8      •' 
"    11     " 

"    11      '• 
'•    11     " 

"    17     " 
Mar.  18,  1513 

El  Puerto  Fondo 

F 

El  Puerto  de  San  Bar- 
tolome.V. 
L;i  Isla   de  Natividad 
de  Nuestra  Seiiora. 
V. 

La  Isla  de  los  Cedros. 
U;    La  IsladeCe;- 
ros.  V. 

La  Bahia  de  San   Hi- 
polito.  V 

La  Isla   de  San   Ger- 
onymo.  V. 
El   Cabo  del  Engano, 
30°,  U. 
Do. 

La  Bahia  de  las  Vir- 
gines.  V. 
La  Isla  de  Cenigas.  V. 
La  Isla   de    San   Hil- 
ario.  V. 

La  Ensenada  de  To- 
dos  Santos.  V. 

[Anchorage"]         

F 

El  Puerto  de  San  Ped- 
ro  Vincula        

28J°      "and 
inore,"  F.  . 
F.. 

F.. 

29°,          F.. 

30°  "scanf'F 
30J°,         F  .  . 
3Q%°,       F.  . 
31°,          C.. 
31°,           F.. 
31%°,       F.. 
F 

La  Isla  de   San  Este- 
ban 

Una  Euseuada  Grande 

La  Isla  de  Zedros  .... 

El  Puerto    de    Santa 
ClaiM                 

La  Punta  del  Mai  Ab- 

La  Isla  de  San  Bernar 
do          

El  Cabo  del  Eugano..  . 
La  Punta  del  Engano. 

El  Puerto  de  la  Poses- 
ion  

La  Isla  de  San  Augus- 
tin  

F.. 
32%°,       F.. 
33°,          C  .  . 

33°,          F  .  . 
F.  . 

[Anchorage,  7  leagues 
fromSau  Angus  tin.] 
El  Cabo  de  S.m  Mar 
tin 

El  Cabo  de  la  Cruz.... 
El  Cabo  de  Cruz  

Una  Isleta  

El  Puerto  de  San  Ma- 
teo 

33%°,      F.. 

EARLY    CALIFORNIA    LANDFALLS. 


329 


THEIR  NAMES  BY  ULLOA,    (U),  DRAKE,    (D),  AND  VIZCAINO,    (V), 
AND  LATITUDES.- CONTINUED. 


No. 

Present  Name  of  the 
Place. 

jatitude,    Correction   to 
0        '          C.,  F.  or  D. 

Remarks. 

18 

Table-Head    Cove,  or 

7       11 

San  Pablo  Bay  

19 

Bay  of   San  Cristoval 

20 

Port  banBartolome.. 

7      39    —  51'      "and 

more"  F   . 

21 

S^atividad  Island  .... 

7      53 

Dhe  Afegua,  or  Bird  Island 

ot  Father  Taraval,  1734. 

22 

Sebastian       Vizcaino 

7     45 

This    is   the   Gulf  of    San 

Bay  . 

to 

Xavier,    of   Father   Tara 

8      35 

val.   It  is  50  by  60  miles 

in  extent. 

23 

Cerros  Island  

28     02 

—58'        F.  .  . 

They  anchored  under-  the 

south  shore.    This  is  the 

Anialgua,or  Fog  island  of 

Father  Taraval,  1734. 

24 

La  Playa  Maria  Bay  . 

28      55 

—  65'  "scant'' 

F 

They  anchored  here. 

25 

Point  Canoas 

29     25 

—  65'  F 

26 

Sau  Gerdnimo  Island 

29     48 

-  42'  F 

, 

27 

Point  Baja 

29     56 

r  64'  C 

Point  Baja  

29     56 

—64'  F 

28 

Port  San  Quentin.  .. 

30      24 

—66'         F.. 

29 

Sail  Martin  Island  .  . 

30     29 

30 

San  Ramon  Bay  

30     49 

31 

Point    Santo    Tonias 

31     33 

—57'          F. 

The  anchorage  under  the 

or  Cape  Sau  Tomas 

cape 

32 

Grajero  Point,  or  Ban 

31     45 

-75'         C. 

Distance    from    Cape    San 

da  Point  

Martin,  4  leagues. 

Do  

31     45 

—75'          F.. 

33 

The  Todos  Santos  Is 

31     48 

lauds  

34 

The  Eusenada  in  To 

31     51 

-89'         F.. 

Anchorage    in    the    north 

dos  Santos  Bay  .  .  . 

east  part  of  Todos  Santos 
Bay. 

330 


CALIFORNIA    ACADEMY    OP    SCIENCES. 


THE  LANDFALLS  OF  CABRILLO,     (C),  AND  FERRELO,     (F),   WITH 

AND  THE  PRESENT  NAMES 


No 

Dates, 
1542,     1543. 

Name  of  place  by  Cabrill 
and  Ferrelo. 

Latitude  by 
Cabrillo  aud 
Ferrelo. 

Names  by  Ulloa,  Drake  or 
Vizcaino. 

3c 

Sep.    26,27, 
1542  

Las  Islas  Desiertas.  . 

34°,          F  . 

Las  Islas   de  los  Cor- 
onados.  V-  Las  Islas 

3 

Sep.  28,  154 
Mar   11    154 

El  Puerto  de  San  Mig 
uel                   .  .    . 

34%°,       F. 

de  San  Martin,  V.'s 
chart. 
El     Puerto     de     San 
Die»o  V  •  El  Puerto 

3 

Oct.  7     154 

La  Isla  de  San  Salva 

F 

Bueiio   de    San  Di 
ego,  Ws  chart. 
La      Isla     de     Santa 

dor 

Cathaliua   V 

38 

Oct.   7,    154 

La  Isla  de  la  Vittoria. 

.F. 

39 

Oct.  8,    154 

La  Bahia   de  las  Fu 

35°,           F. 

La  Bahia  de  los  Fue 
gos  

F. 

40 

Oct.   9,    154 

[Anchorage]  

F 

41 

Oct.  10,  1542 

Los    Pueblos    de    las 
Canoas         

35%°,       C.. 

Mar.  8,   1543 

El  Pueblo  de  las  Can 
oas  

35%°,        F. 

f 

49 

Oct.  13,  1542 

[Anchorage]  

F 

43 

Oct.  14,  1542 

[Anchorage!  •  • 

F 

44 

Oct.  15,   1542 

[Anchorage]  .  . 

F 

45 

Oct.  16,  1542 

[Anchorage!.  . 

F 

46 

Oct.  17,  154-2 

Anchorage!.  .  , 

F 

Nov.  2-6,    " 

Ei  Pueblo  de  las  Sar- 
diuas           

C.. 

- 

Los    Pueblos    de    las 

F 

Sardiuas  

47 

Feb.     12--14, 
543  

El  Puerto  de  las  Sar- 
dinas  

5%°,       F.. 

48 

Nov.  1,   1542 

El  Puerto    de  Todos 
Santos.     .    .  . 

F.. 

49 

El  Pueblo  de  Xexo 

F 

50 

Dct.  18,  1542 
(i     »  «        »  < 

SI  Cabo  de  la  Galera.. 
£1  Cabo  de  Galera  .... 

W%°,       C.. 
J6W       "and 
more."  F.. 

EARLY    CALIFORNIA    LANDFALLS. 


331 


THEIR  NAMES  BY  ULLOA,    (U),  DRAKE,    (D),  AND  VIZCAINO,    (V), 
AND  LATITUDES  -CONTINUED. 


No. 
35 
36 

37 

38 
39 

40 
41 

42 
43 
44 
45 
46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

Present  Name  of  the 
Place. 

Latitude, 

o            / 

Correction  to 
C.,  F.  or  D. 

Remarks. 

Los  Coronados  Islands 
San  Dieao  Pay 

32     25 
32     40 

33     27 

32     49 
34     00 

34     05 
34      17 
34     17 
34     22 
34     24 
34     25 
34     27 
34      27 
34     28 

—95'          F.. 
—100'       F.. 

He  has  one   of  the  largest 
errois  in  the  best-known 
port. 

At    the     great    depression 
across  the  island. 

A  few  miles  east  of   Santa 
Barbara. 

Ferrelo     says    the    Indian 
name  was  Cicacut. 

There  are  two  Coxo's.    The 
Coxo  Viejo   is   one   mile 
east  of  the  usual  anchor 
age  El  Coxo. 

La  Punta  de  la  Coucepcion 
of  recent  Spanish  naviga 
tors. 

Santa  Catalina  Island. 

San  Clemente  Island 
Santa  Monica  Bay  .... 

Do 

The  Anchorage  off  La 
guna  Mugu   

-GO''  "F  '.. 

-63'         C.. 
—63'        F  .  . 

San  Buenaventura  .... 
Do. 

Anchorage     off    "  the 
Riucon"  
Anchorage    off     "  the 
Carpiiiteria"  
Anchorage  4  or  5  miles 
west  of  Goleta  Point 
Anchorage  off  the  Can 
ada  del  Kefugio.  .  .  . 
Anchorage  off  Gaviota 
Pass. 

The  Indian  Villages  at 
Gaviota  Pass 

Do 

Anchorage  off  Gaviota 
Pass  

34      27 
34      28 

34     29 

34     27 
34     27 

—73'        F  .  . 

—  123'C.... 
—93'      "  and 
more"  F.  . 

Anchorage  off  El  Coxo 

Indian    Village  at   El 
Coxo 

Point    Concepcion,  01 
Point  Conception 

332 


CALIFORNIA    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


THE  LAND  FALL  5  O7  CABRILL9,  (C),    AND   FERRELO,  (F),     WITH 

AND  THE  PRESENT  NAMES 


No 

Dates, 
1342,     1543. 

Name  of  place  by  Cabrillo 
and  Ferrelo. 

Latitude    by 
Cabiillo  and 
Ferrelo. 

Names  by  Ulloa,  Drake  or 
Vizcaino. 

5\ 
52 

53 

'54 
55 

56 

57 

58 
59 
GO 

6] 
62 

Oct.  14,  1542. 

"    18       " 

"    25      '• 

Dec.,        15i2 
Dec.,        1542 

Jan.   3,    1513 
Mar.  5,      " 

Oct.  25,  1542 

Mar.  5,   1543 

Jan.  29,  1543 
Mar.  5,    1513 

Jau.  10.  1543 
Feb.  14,     •• 

Nov.  11,  1542 
Nov.  11,  1542 

La  Isla  de  Sau  Lucas. 
Las  Islas  de  Sau  Lucas 

La  Isla  de  la  Posesiou 

La  Isla  de  Posesiou.  . 
Una   de    las    Isl  s   de 
San  Lucas  .... 
La  Isla  de  Jnau  Rod 
riguez  

El  Puerto  de  la  Poses 
ion  

[DaugersJ  .. 

La  Isla  de  Sau  Lucas. 

La  Isla  de  San  Sebas- 
tinn 

F.  . 

La  Isla  de  Baxos.  V. 

/ 
La  Isla  de  Cleto.  V. 

La    Isla  de  San  Am- 
brosio.V. 

La  Sierra  de  Santa  Lu 
cia.  V. 

C.F.. 

...   C.  F.. 
F.  . 

C.. 
F. 

C.  F.. 

F.'s  contort. 
F 

F.'s    consort 
F 

La  Isla  de  San   Salva 
dor 

C.. 
37£°,   C.F.. 

El    Rio     de     Nuestra 
Senora             

Las    Sierras    de    San 
Martin            

EARLY    CALIFORNIA    LANDFALLS. 


333 


THEIR  NAMES  BY  ULLOA,   (U),  DRAKE,  (D),    AND  VIZCAINO,    (V), 
AND  LATITUDES.— CONTINUED. 


No. 

Present  Name  of  the 
Place. 

Latitude, 

o          / 

Correction  to 
C.,  F.  or  D. 

Remarks. 

51 

52 

53 

*54 

55 

56 

57 

58 
59 
60 

61 

62 

The      three     Islands, 
Santa     Cruz,    Santa 
Rosa  and  San   Mig 
uel                 

They  overlap  each   other, 
and    were    seen    as  one 
great  island. 

One  large—  Santa  Cruz  and 
Santa  Rosa  overlapping  — 
and  one  small,  which  was 
San  Miguel. 
Ferrelo    says    the    Indian 
name  was  Ciquimuymu. 

So   named    by    Ferrelo    to 
commemorate    Cabrillo's 
death  on  the  Island. 
Cabrillo   and  Ferrelo   win 
tered  here  in  1542-43;  it 
is  on  the  north  shore   of 
San  Miguel  island. 
The  rocks  and  reefs  off  the 
northwest  shores  of  San 
Miguel  island. 
Ferrelo    says    the     Indian 
name  was  Nicalque. 

Ferrelo    says     the    Indian 
name  of  the  island  was 
Liniun. 
Cabrillo    and    Ferrelo    did 
not  see  it.    They  learned 
of  its  existence  north   of 
Pt.     Concepcion,      from 
Indian  information,  when 
in    the     Santa     Barbara 
channel. 
This  mountain  range  is  50 
miles  long,  and  overhangs 
the  coast  line.     The  cul 
minating    point     is   Mt. 
S^nta    Lucia,    6,000  feet 
elevation  and  12  miles  in 
side  the  shore. 

San  Miguel,  and  then 
Santa  Cruz  and  San 
ta  Rosa  as  one 

34  03 

San  Miguel  Island  .  . 
Do 

Do.            

Do. 

Cuylers  Harbor  

Wilson  Rock,  &c  

Santa  Rosa  Island  ... 
Do 

3i  03 

34     06  i 
33     57 

Santa  Cruz  Island  .  .  . 

La  Purisima,  or  Santa 
Ynez  River  

34  02 
34  42 

36  03 

—87'    C.  F.. 

Sierra  Santa  Lucia  

23— BULL.  CAL.  ACAD.  Sci.    II. 


Issued  January  11,  1887. 


334 


CALIFORNIA    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES. 


THE  LANDFALLS  OF  CABHILLO,   (C),    AND  FERRELO,     (F),   WITH 

AND  THE  PRESENT  NAMES 


No. 

63 
64 

65 

66 
67 

68 

^ 

Dates, 
1542,     1543. 

Name  of  place  by 
Cabrillo  and   Ferrelo. 

Latitiide  by 
Cabrillo    and 
Ferrelo. 

Names   by    Ulloa,  Drake 
or  Vizcaino. 

Nov.  11,  1542 

Nov.'  11,    18, 
1542  

El  Cabo  de  San  Mar- 
tiu   .  . 

38°,    ....F.. 
37%°,       F  .  . 

28%°,  C    F.. 

La  Punta    de  Pinos. 
V. 

Portus  Novae  Albionis 
38°.  D. 
El     Puerto    de     San 

Francisco.  V. 

» 

El  Cabo  de  San  Mar 
tin  

Nov.  18,  1542 

El  Cabo  de  Nieve,  ... 

(de  las  Sierras  Nevad- 
as) 
La  Baia  de  Finos. 

Nov.  16,  1542 

.  C 

La  Bahia  de  los  Pinos 
El  Cabo  de  Pinos  .  . 

El  Cabo  de  Piuos  
El  Cabo  de  Fortunas. 

39°        "and 
more,"  F.  . 

40°        "and 
more,"  C.. 

40°,           F.. 
41°,           C.. 

Nov.  14,  1542 

Feb.  25,  1543 
Mar.  3,    1543 
Feb.  26,  1543 

r 


EARLY    CALIFORNIA    LANDFALLS. 


335 


THEIR  NAMES  BY  ULLOA,  (U),    DRAKE,  (D),    AND  VIZCAINO,    (V) 
AND  LATITUDES.—  CONCLUDED. 


No. 

Present  Name  of  the 
Place. 

Latitude. 

Correction     to 
C.,  F.  or  D. 

Remarks. 

63 

Point  Pinos 

}6     32 

—  88'  F 

64 

The  Twin  Peaks  . 

36     03 

—87'  F 

The    height  is  5  100  feet 

65 
66 

Black  Mountain  
The        Santa       Cruz 

37      09 

—  9V  F  

and     the     distance     3% 
miles     inland. 
The    mountain     mass     13 
miles  behind  Point  Auo 
Nuevo. 
Embracing    Black    Mount 

mountains  

ains. 

67 

Anchorage  in  Drake's 
Bay  

38      00 

—00'  D.  .      . 

The  northern  part  of    the 
Gulf  of  the  Farallones. 

Drake's  Bay,    or   the 
Gulf    of   the  Faral- 
lones  

38     00 

—60'     •  '  and 
more,"  F.  . 

"A    great     gulf,"   Cabrillo. 
(Una  Ensenada  Grande.) 

68 

GO 

7" 

The  Northwest  Cape. 

Do. 

King    Peak,     behind 
PuntaDelgada  

38     31 

38     31 
40     00 

—89'     "and 
more"  C.  .  . 

—89'  F  
-60'  C  .   .  . 

The    mountain  mass    just 
east  of  Fort  Ross  anchor 
age,  and   reaching    2,200 
feet  elevation. 

The  mountain  mass  north 
ward    of    Shelter    Cove, 
with  King  Peak,  only  10 
miles    inland    and  4,235 
feet  elevation,  as  the  cul 
minating  point. 

*i  i 


! 


